Short Story - 1657 Words

We were being evacuated. Team Olympus grunts were everywhere attacking any that tried to stay or fight. Most had run quietly and quickly, sad to have to leave their berry crops and small farms behind. Nyasa Town wasnt large and there were very few trainers capable of taking on this many people at once. Mom was the only truly powerful Pokà ©mon trainer that had ever been in Nyasa. I, along with Professor Oak, stepped up to become a lookout -keeping people moving forward, watching for any grunts that may find this secret tunnel- much to Moms worry. I lingered near the entrance of the tunnel, while Mom and a few other trainers led another group on. There wasnt much I could do without a Pokà ©mon, but I was very willing to throw a few punches†¦show more content†¦This world is inhabited by creatures we call Pokà ©mon. People and Pokà ©mon live together by supporting each other: some people play with Pokà ©mon, some battle with them. That is why you are here today, to begin your own personal journey as a Pokà ©mon Trainer. The Pokà ©mon left the screen and Professor Oak showed again. For our records, please answer the following questions. Are you a boy or a girl? Buttons flashed on the screen, I clicked Girl. Are you sure? Yes. The camera came to life showing my image on the screen. A lightly tanned girl, roughly 53, looked at me, with my own heterochromatic, dark brown and pale green eyes. Arceus, I was a mess. I took a moment to straighten myself out. Nothing much to do for my grey running shoes, covered in dirt, but I did manage to brush off my saturated red knee skirt. Silently wishing I was wearing shorts, or jeans, or really anything that wasnt a skirt, I turned to my top. The black tank-top, wrinkled like crazy, but not too dirty; straightening it out and dusting it off took not time at all. My thick, brown hair was a tangled mess. I couldnt be bothered to do more than run my fingers through it a few times and throw it in a ponyta-tail, before putting my black, gold-trimmed derby hat. Examining myself in the screen again I sighed: better, still a mess, but better. Pressing theShow MoreRelatedshort story1018 Words   |  5 Pagesï » ¿Short Stories:  Ã‚  Characteristics †¢Short  - Can usually be read in one sitting. †¢Concise:  Ã‚  Information offered in the story is relevant to the tale being told.  Ã‚  This is unlike a novel, where the story can diverge from the main plot †¢Usually tries to leave behind a  single impression  or effect.  Ã‚  Usually, though not always built around one character, place, idea, or act. †¢Because they are concise, writers depend on the reader bringing  personal experiences  and  prior knowledge  to the story. Four MajorRead MoreThe Short Stories Ideas For Writing A Short Story Essay1097 Words   |  5 Pageswriting a short story. Many a time, writers run out of these short story ideas upon exhausting their sources of short story ideas. If you are one of these writers, who have run out of short story ideas, and the deadline you have for coming up with a short story is running out, the short story writing prompts below will surely help you. Additionally, if you are being tormented by the blank Microsoft Word document staring at you because you are not able to come up with the best short story idea, youRead MoreShort Story1804 Words   |  8 PagesShort story: Definition and History. A  short story  like any other term does not have only one definition, it has many definitions, but all of them are similar in a general idea. According to The World Book Encyclopedia (1994, Vol. 12, L-354), â€Å"the short story is a short work of fiction that usually centers around a single incident. Because of its shorter length, the characters and situations are fewer and less complicated than those of a novel.† In the Cambridge Advanced Learner’s DictionaryRead MoreShort Stories648 Words   |  3 Pageswhat the title to the short story is. The short story theme I am going conduct on is â€Å"The Secret Life of Walter Mitty’ by James Thurber (1973). In this short story the literary elements being used is plot and symbols and the theme being full of distractions and disruption. The narrator is giving a third person point of view in sharing the thoughts of the characters. Walter Mitty the daydreamer is very humorous in the different plots of his dr ifting off. In the start of the story the plot, symbols,Read MoreShort Stories1125 Words   |  5 PagesThe themes of short stories are often relevant to real life? To what extent do you agree with this view? In the short stories â€Å"Miss Brill† and â€Å"Frau Brechenmacher attends a wedding† written by Katherine Mansfield, the themes which are relevant to real life in Miss Brill are isolation and appearance versus reality. Likewise Frau Brechenmacher suffers through isolation throughout the story and also male dominance is one of the major themes that are highlighted in the story. These themes areRead MoreShort Story and People1473 Words   |  6 Pagesï » ¿Title: Story Of An Hour Author: Kate Chopin I. On The Elements / Literary Concepts The short story Story Of An Hour is all about the series of emotions that the protagonist, Mrs. Mallard showed to the readers. With the kind of plot of this short story, it actually refers to the moments that Mrs. Mallard knew that all this time, her husband was alive. For the symbol, I like the title of this short story because it actually symbolizes the time where Mrs. Mallard died with joy. And with thatRead MoreShort Story Essay1294 Words   |  6 PagesA short story concentrates on creating a single dynamic effect and is limited in character and situation. It is a language of maximum yet economical effect. Every word must do a job, sometimes several jobs. Short stories are filled with numerous language and sound devices. These language and sound devices create a stronger image of the scenario or the characters within the text, which contribute to the overall pre-designed effect.As it is shown in the metaphor lipstick bleeding gently in CinnamonRead MoreRacism in the Short Stor ies1837 Words   |  7 PagesOften we read stories that tell stories of mixing the grouping may not always be what is legal or what people consider moral at the time. The things that you can learn from someone who is not like you is amazing if people took the time to consider this before judging someone the world as we know it would be a completely different place. The notion to overlook someone because they are not the same race, gender, creed, religion seems to be the way of the world for a long time. Racism is so prevalentRead MoreThe Idol Short Story1728 Words   |  7 PagesThe short stories â€Å"The Idol† by Adolfo Bioy Casares and â€Å"Axolotl† by Julio Cortà ¡zar address the notion of obsession, and the resulting harm that can come from it. Like all addictions, obsession makes one feel overwhelmed, as a single thought comes to continuously intruding our mind, causing the individual to not be able to ignore these thoughts. In â€Å"Axolotl†, the narr ator is drawn upon the axolotls at the Jardin des Plantes aquarium and his fascination towards the axolotls becomes an obsession. InRead MoreGothic Short Story1447 Words   |  6 Pages The End. In the short story, â€Å"Emma Barrett,† the reader follows a search party group searching for a missing girl named Emma deep in a forest in Oregon. The story follows through first person narration by a group member named Holden. This story would be considered a gothic short story because of its use of setting, theme, symbolism, and literary devices used to portray the horror of a missing six-year-old girl. Plot is the literal chronological development of the story, the sequence of events

Fahrenheit 451 Character Analysis - 1044 Words

In a society where technology controls people’s minds, empathy is lost. Stuck to radios and television programs, one may forget who their loved ones are. In his novel â€Å"Fahrenheit 451,† author Ray Bradbury uses the thoughts and actions of his characters to develop the idea that a healthy society cannot exist without empathy. This becomes clear to readers when a marriage is questioned, and when random acts of violence are carried out on a regular basis.In the novel, the protagonist, Guy Montag a fireman, meets a curious young girl, Clarisse, whose thoughtfulness incites him to evaluate his own morals. In this future world, firemen are not in charge of putting out fires; instead, they start them. Books are outlawed, and firemen reinforce the†¦show more content†¦For it would be the dying of an unknown, a street face, a newspaper image†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (Bradbury 44). The two of them spend so little time together that they hardly know each other. In fact, Mildred can’t even remember when and where they met! â€Å"And suddenly she was so strange he couldn’t believe he knew her at all. He was in someone else’s house, like those other jokes people told of the gentleman, drunk, coming home late late at night, unlocking the wrong door, entering a wrong room, and bedding with a stranger and getting up early and going to work and neither of them the wiser† (Bradbury 42). Mildred spends most of her time in her parlor, watching programs on her three â€Å"TV walls,† though she wishes she had four. Montag, after meeting Clarisse, who spends quality time with her family, questions his love for his wife, and her love for him. Books tell stories to their readers: stories of love, empathy, redemption, relationships, and all other human qualities. This futuristic society doesn’t have books to display these human qualities, so they have been forgotten, altogether. Without literature to explain and venerate love and empathy, most people don’t know how to use it, themselves. There is a point in the story where Guy Montag is nearly hit by a car while he is walking down the street. The people in the car had intended to hit him. â€Å"He looked down the boulevard. It was clear now. A carful of children, all ages. God knew,Show MoreRelatedFahrenheit 451 Character Analysis1276 Words   |  6 PagesFahrenheit 451, a novel written by Ray Bradbury, is set in a fictional dystopian world of the future. The main character in the novel, Guy Montag, is a respected fireman. However, in this era, firemen are government workers who start fires to burn illegal books, instead of putting fires out. Guy Montag changes slowly throughout the plot of the novel, acting based on his desire to better understand the reasons for books. In this novel, people that think and read books are treated as misfits and criminalsRead MoreFahrenheit 451 Character Analysis916 Words   |  4 Pagesthings that matter. Guy Mont ag and his wife, as well as most other people in Fahrenheit 451 display these traits, and seem to act like their life has no purpose. If we continue to stray farther from social interaction and continue to rely more and more on technology, we will live in a future much like the one Bradbury predicts. In Fahrenheit 451, Ray Bradbury shows us a frightening future through the way he creates the characters and the way they act. These include a lack of compassion and social interactionRead MoreFahrenheit 451 Character Analysis981 Words   |  4 Pages In Fahrenheit 451, Ray Bradbury introduces Montag as a fireman who enjoys burning books. Bradbury started off with†It was a pleasure to burn† showing what Montag thinks about burning books. Montag liked the way when â€Å"books went up in sparkling whirls and blew away on a wind turned dark with burning†(Bradbury, 2). He like to see thing blackened and changed like a destruction. Montag started to change throughout many challenges that he had to face and he also started to get a different view on fireRead MoreCharacter Analysis Of Fahrenheit 4511801 Words   |  8 Pages35. In the fiction novel, Fahrenheit 451 by Ray Bradbury, the majority of depicted characters are the â€Å"bad† people in society. However, there are several â€Å"good† people who are the ones that add what little positivity there is in this dystopian novel. In the early stages of Fahrenheit 451, the protagonist, Guy Montag, might have been thought of as a senseless, sadistic monster who only enjoys his job as a fireman, or more correctly, a book burner. Although seemingly correct, these descriptions ofRead MoreCharacter Analysis : Fahrenheit 451, By Ray Bradbury831 Words   |  4 Pages Fahrenheit 451: Character Analysis Fahrenheit 451 by Ray Bradbury, is about a dystopian society that burns literature and everything and anything to keep the civilians distracted from the obstacles of life. Guy Montag is a citizen whose job is to burn down houses that contain literature, for books are illegal because the government says it causes controversy. His wife, Mildred, sits in front of the â€Å"parlor walls† with â€Å"seashells† in her ears and goes along mindlessly with society. ThroughoutRead MoreCharacter Analysis of Captain Beatty (Fahrenheit 451)1404 Words   |  6 PagesBeatty, the Nearly Enlightened As fire captain, it is Captain Beatty’s job to promote and direct the eradication of knowledge and free thought within his district through the burning of books in Ray Bradbury’s novel Fahrenheit 451. Though one may expect his job to be one occupied by a brutish, obtuse man with a powerful inferiority complex, this is not so: Beatty is obviously intelligent, well-versed in literature, but also completely devoted to the act of book-burning and the structure thatRead MoreRay Bradburys Fahrenheit 451 Character Analysis708 Words   |  3 Pagesfor Guy Montag in Ray Bradburys novel Fahrenheit 451. In the beginning of the novel, Guy Montag is a fireman who believes that there has never been and will never be a need for books and every book should burn. As the story progresses, he interacts with people and experiences events in his life that change his beliefs and views of the world. By the end of the novel, Guy Montag can recite parts of books off the top of his head. In Ra y Bradbury’s Fahrenheit 451, Guy Montag learns the truth about booksRead MoreEssay on Fahrenheit 451, by Ray Bradbury972 Words   |  4 PagesIn Fahrenheit 451 by Ray Bradbury, irony is used to convey information and it contributes to the overall theme of the novel. Written during the era of McCarthyism, Fahrenheit 451 is about a society where books are illegal. This society believes that being intellectual is bad and that a lot of things that are easily accessible today should be censored. The overall message of the book is that censorship is not beneficial to society, and that it could cause great harm to one’s intelligence and socialRead MoreReview of Ray Bradburys Fahrenheit 451 Essay1496 Words   |  6 PagesReview of Ray Bradburys Fahrenheit 451 In Ray Bradburys novel Fahrenheit 451, the author utilizes the luxuries of life in America today, in addition to various occupations Read MoreFahrenheit 451 Comparison Essay1698 Words   |  7 Pagescan be seen throughout history books and literary classics such as Fahrenheit 451 by Ray Bradbury and Things Fall Apart by Chinua Achebe. In Fahrenheit 451, the main character, Guy Montag is fighting against the technological revolution taking place in the 23rd century. He battles with a society full of censorship, where everyone is too caught up with their new gadgets to have meaningful conversations. Okwonko, the main character of Things Fall Apart, is also fighting a battle, a battle against the

The Absolute Supremacy Claim

Question: The UK courts have generally been too willing to accept the absolute supremacy claim of the Court of Justice of the EU, but the Supreme Court decision in the HS2 case (R (on the application of HS2 Action Alliance Limited) v Secretary of State for Transport [2014] UKSC 3) represents an important change of direction that is more consistent with the position of the German Federal Constitutional Court. Critically discuss this statement. Answer: With the advent of the European Union (EU), the consolidation process of the legal system started. Treaties between the EU and its member states integrated the judicial system and the European Court of Justice (ECJ) became the apex court of the Union and its member states. It was resolved by the members through Declaration 17 of the Consolidated EU Treaties that the laws adopted by the EU, settled case laws given by the ECJ and the treaties will prevail over the laws of the member states. In simple words, the laws passed by the EU will have an overriding effect on the national laws of member states. It was further resolved that member states would be required to integrate EU laws with their national laws in a phased manner. In essence, national courts were entrusted with the responsibility to apply and enforce Community Law. National courts were also delegated the duty of upholding Community Law where there is a contravention of the national laws and the EU law. The Doctrine of Supremacy of EU The Doctrine of Supremacy of the EU was developed with the help of a number of important rulings of the ECJ. National Courts are the first stage of implementing the EU laws. Litigations and requests based on EU law are first referred to the National Judges. The treaties stipulate an integrated system of law enforcement in the form of Preliminary Ruling Procedure. The national courts cannot decide on matters related to EU law. Under the Preliminary Ruling Procedure, national courts are required to refer matters related to judicial interpretation and contested questions to the ECJ. It is the responsibility of the ECJ to interpret Community law in a proper manner and makes sure that such law is implemented throughout the member states in a uniform manner. The relationship between the EU and the member states is generally governed by three principles; the Doctrine of Supremacy, Direct Effect and Enforceability of the Community law. The doctrine was established by the famous case of Falminio Costa vs. ENEL (1964) where the court opined that EU law is a source of international law, which is based on the functioning of the community. The court further opined that community law draws its powers from treaties of the member states and cannot be overridden by provisions of national law. Another notable case in this regard is the case of Van Gend en Loos (1963) where the ECJ said that the European community proposes a new world order and its legal system influences international law to a great extent. In this backdrop, member states have sacrificed their sovereignty, but to a limited extent in order to bring uniformity in the legal system throughout the union. In essence, the community receive a more independent status and exerts a considerable amount of influence on national legal systems of the member states. Member states have transferred some of their rights to the Community and in this context the autonomy of the Member States have become limited. In the case of Finanze dello Stato v Simmenthal SpA (1978), the ECJ opined that European law would prevail over both prior and future national legislations. The ultimate judgement stipulated that national courts are required to comply with the provisions of the European law and not apply any contravening provisions of national law even though it has been the legal practice. It can be seen from the study of the above case laws that the doctrine of supremacy of the EU law is a well-established one among the member states of the Community. Time and again it has been proved in different circumstances that the EU law will always override the provisions of national law. The ECJ derives its powers from treaties undertaken by the member states with the Community and is the apex authority for interpreting EU laws and disposing off litigations related to such EU laws. Induction of the EU Law in the UK Legal System Sovereignty of country and its people are ensured by the constitution of a country. However, in UK, a complete codified constitution is not in use. Sovereignty is derived from the Doctrine of Parliamentary Supremacy. According to this doctrine, Parliament of UK holds the ultimate power to make and implement legislations. The Parliament is entrusted with responsibility of passing legislations and this authority cannot be challenged in any legal forum. It is from this authority, responsibility is derived regarding upliftment and protecting the rights of its citizens. Judiciary of the country has the responsibility to interpret and explain statutory provisions and dispose of litigations. Therefore, it can be said that the courts and its judges uphold supremacy of the Parliament. With UKs inclusion in the EU, it became necessary to enact a national legislation that will induce European law with the national law. Initially, international and domestic laws were considered separate and such induction of the international law required ratification of the UK Parliament. This became very difficult with the doctrine of parliamentary Supremacy in operation. The case of Blackburn v Attorney General (1971) played an important role in this regard. It was opined by the court that international treaties and the European laws cannot be made binding until they are embodied within domestic legislations passed by the Parliament. Passing of the European Communities Act 1972 With the objective of integrating international treaties and the European law, the European Communities Act 1972 was passed by the Parliament. Sections 2 of the Act relates to general implementation of Treaties in the form of Community laws. Along with this empowering section, Schedule 2 provides for some limitations of the Community laws. The provisions of section 2 stipulates that UK must enforce and confer all the rights arising out of the treaties and Community law without any further enactment of any domestic legislation in this regard (Subsection 2). Subsection 4 of section specifies that English law shall be interpreted subject to the principle that European law is supreme. In simple words, when any domestic law contravenes with the provisions of any European law, the latter will prevail and override the former domestic legislative provisions. Further, section 3 provides that interpretation of Community laws and international treaties are to be done by the ECJ and the judgemen t given thereof will prevail over the judgements given by UK courts. Therefore, it can be seen that with the passing of the European Communities Act, the intention of the UK to become a part of the EU seems to be clear. In order to achieve this objective, legislative reforms were undertaken by the Parliament. The executive branch took a collective decision to enter the European Community. The provisions of the act were clear and it depicts the countrys keenness to be a part of an international community. With the enactment of the legislation, the supremacy of Parliament was sacrificed. This proved to be a great step of the country towards bringing about a change in the entire legal system. The Case of R (on the application of HS2 Action Alliance Limited) vs. The Secretary of State for Transport and Another (2014) The case involved an appeal by the appellant Action Alliance Limited with respect to a decision made by the government for developing a railroad link from London to the North known as HS2. The decision came in the form of a Command Paper, popularly known as DNS. The Command Paper enumerated in details the procedural requirements of the project. It also stated the manner in which consent for the development will be obtained by enacting two separate hybrid bills of the Parliament. The contention of the appellants was that a Strategic Environmental Analysis (SEA) as stipulated by Directive number 2001/42/EC given by the EC should have preceded such development. The second important issue of the case was that whether passing of the hybrid bills were in consonance with Directive number 2011/92/EU, popularly known as the EIA Directive. Judgement The Supreme Court of the UK unanimously dismissed the appeal. The SC opined that the main objective of the SEA directive is to prevent major effects on the environment that have been pre-determined and identifies with the help of effective planning. Such planning takes place before the EIA stage is reached. SEA directives do not describe any particular project or its merits and demerits; it simple provides a framework for the approving authority to give consent to the required project. The purpose of the SEA directives is to enable the approving authority to take an effective decision on the matter without any hindrances posed by earlier plans that have not been assessed in a proper manner for environmental effects. The Court described that the DNS provides elaborate explanations about the HS2 project with a complete description about the rationale behind undertaking the project along with its pros and cons. In essence, the DNS does not pose and hindrance for the approving authority (the Parliament in this case) to make a suitable decision in this regard. The court further opined that the Parliament is an independent and autonomous body that is not bound by any criteria provided by the Government to take its decisions. The Court pointed out that there is a distinction between exerting mere influence on matter and limiting the scope of the decision making process. The DNS was open for all debates and submission before it was approved by the Parliament and it is also not required to expose the decision making process of the Parliament to SEA procedure. Thus, the Court concluded that the SEA directives should be interpreted on its own terms and there was no need to refer the matter to the CJEU. On the second issue, it was alleged by the appellant that the bills were passed in the Parliament without proper representation of the common public, which is a violation of Article 6(4) of the EIA Directive. The issue in question was whether the Parliamentary procedure was compliant with the EIA Directives. To this, the Court exclaimed that it has to evaluate whether an important project like the HS2 is in public interest or not. The matter is of national political significance and should be determined by national legislature rather than by an ordinary process of development control. When a matter is subject to the consideration of the Parliament, the members do have adequate information about it and have the freedom of evaluating the same to make an informed decision. This includes information on environmental factors. Thus, the contention that the matter did not get enough public consideration from an environmental point of view is unpersuasive. The Court concluded that there was no reason to believe that the members of the Parliament did not have opportunity to debate on the matter and therefore, the matter is not required to be referred to the CJEU. Position of the German Federal Constitutional Court Integration of the Community law into the German legal structure has not been an easy task. The German Federal Constitutional Court (FCC) played an important role in the integration process. However, often it was found that the FCC deviated from the Community law and overruled litigations on the basis of national laws. The integration process often faced hindrances due to lack of proper debate in the German electorate. Many opine that the FCC is not the appropriate forum to debate about the integration of the EU laws into the German legal framework. The FCC that prioritized national law over the Community law gave a number of judgements in this regard. In the case of Solange I (1974), there was a conflict between the Community law and fundamental rights guaranteed by the German Constitution. The FCC opined that German Constitutional rights would prevail over any conflicting provisions of the Community law. This was an outright rejection of the applicability of the Community law and its supremacy within the member states. Another important and comprehensive case in this regard was the case of Brunner v. Treaty on European Union (1993). In this case, the FCC provided a much more detailed analysis of the relationship between the EU law and the German law and emphasized on the theory of democratic legitimacy. It was clear that the German acceptance of the EU law was limited. Analysis Even though both the cases may seem to be similar, but there is a thin line of difference between the approaches adopted by the UK Supreme Court and the FCC. Over the years, the contention of the FCC has been made clear by the profound judgments given by it. The FCC has explained cases mentioned above in details about the applicability and the integration of the Community law into the legal framework of the country. The FCC has opined that integration from its viewpoint is only a transfer of sovereignty to a certain extent and acceptance of the Community law is limited to the extent of applicability of the countrys constitutional laws. In several cases of contravention, the FCC has upheld the applicability of the fundamental rights guaranteed under the German Constitution. On the other hand, the UK Parliament passed a special legislature to enforce the Community law into its legislative framework. The supremacy of the EU law has been accepted and in cases of contravention, matters have been referred to ECJ. However, in the HS2 case, the Supreme Court adopted a different approach. It can be said that it was not an outright rejection of the applicable EU directives, rather it was focussed more on explaining whether a contravention took place or not. The Supreme Court carefully examined the related matters and evaluated whether it requires referral to the ECJ or not. On the backdrop of the evidences provided and facts of the case, the Court focussed on determining whether any contravention took place or not and whether national laws will suffice to arrive at a conclusion or not. The Court rightfully dismissed the contentions of the appellant as all facts and evidence of the case pointed out that EU directives were not violated and nation law was consisten t in disposing off the case. Conclusion After a careful consideration of the facts mentioned above, it can be said that the UK has a perfect structure to implement EU laws within its national laws. The procedural steps were maintained in its true sense and a national statute was passed by its Parliament to facilitate the integration of EU laws within the country. The supremacy doctrine was well accepted in cases of contravention. However, the judgement in the HS2 case brought about a new angle to the story. In the case, the Supreme Court tries to ascertain the legality and the extent to which contraventions are taking place rather than simply accepting a contention that violation has taken place. The reasons for the judgement were explained in an elaborate manner in determining the extent of contravention and non-compliance by the government and the Parliament. The Court ultimately opined that passing of the hybrid bills were well within the ambit of the Parliament without diminishing the applicability of EU directives. Th erefore, it may seem in the beginning that the case and the viewpoint of the FCC are similar but they differ on a factual base. References "Judgement-HS2 Case" (2016) https://www.supremecourt.uk/decided-cases/docs/UKSC_2013_0172_Judgment.pdf accessed 17 January 2016 "PRESS SUMMARY" (2016) https://www.supremecourt.uk/decided-cases/docs/UKSC_2013_0172_PressSummary.pdf accessed 17 January 2016 "THE RELATION BETWEEN NATIONAL COURTS AND THE EUROPEAN COURT OF JUSTICE IN THE EUROPEAN UNION JUDICIAL SYSTEM" (2016) https://www.europarl.europa.eu/RegData/etudes/etudes/join/2007/378291/IPOL-JURI_ET(2007)378291_EN.pdf accessed 17 January 2016 Academia.edu, "The Doctrine Of Supremacy Of EU Law And The Judgment Of The German Federal Constitutional Court In Gauweiler V Treaty Of Lisbon." (2016) https://www.academia.edu/7975953/The_Doctrine_of_Supremacy_of_EU_Law_and_the_Judgment_of_the_German_Federal_Constitutional_Court_in_Gauweiler_v_Treaty_of_Lisbon accessed 17 January 2016 Eur-lex.europa.eu, "EUR-Lex - 61977CJ0106 - EN - EUR-Lex" (2016) https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=CELEX%3A61977CJ0106 accessed 17 January 2016 eutopialaw, "The German Constitutional Court Versus The EU: Self Assertion In Theory And Submission In Practice Euro Aid And Financial Guarantees. Part 1." (2011) https://eutopialaw.com/2011/10/24/%E2%80%9Cthe-german-constitutional-court-versus-the-eu-self-assertion-in-theory-and-submission-in-practice-%E2%80%93-euro-aid-and-financial-guarantees-part-1/ accessed 17 January 2016 Law.utexas.edu, "German Case | Foreign Law Translations | Texas Law" (2016) https://law.utexas.edu/transnational/foreign-law-translations/german/case.php?id=588 accessed 17 January 2016 Lawteacher.net, "Doctrine Of Supremacy Of European Union | Law Teacher" (2016) https://www.lawteacher.net/free-law-essays/administrative-law/doctrine-of-supremacy-of-european-union-administrative-law-essay.php#ftn8 accessed 17 January 2016 Lawteacher.net, "Doctrine Of Supremacy Of European Union | Law Teacher" (2016) https://www.lawteacher.net/free-law-essays/administrative-law/doctrine-of-supremacy-of-european-union-administrative-law-essay.php#ftn8 accessed 17 January 2016 Lawteacher.net, "United Kingdom Joined The European Community | Law Teacher" (2016) https://www.lawteacher.net/free-law-essays/european-law/united-kingdom-joined-the-european-law-essays.php accessed 17 January 2016 Legislation.gov.uk, "European Communities Act 1972" (2016) https://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/1972/68/contents accessed 17 January 2016 Legislation.gov.uk, "European Communities Act 1972" (2016) https://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/1972/68/contents accessed 17 January 2016 Protection Of Fundamental Rights Through The Court Of Justice Of The European Communities(1st edn, 2016) https://www3.law.ox.ac.uk/themes/iecl/pdfs/working2colneric.pdf accessed 17 January 2016 Publications.parliament.uk, "House Of Commons - The EU Bill And Parliamentary Sovereignty - European Scrutiny Committee" (2016) https://www.publications.parliament.uk/pa/cm201011/cmselect/cmeuleg/633/63304.htm accessed 17 January 2016 Reitemeyer S, "The German Federal Constitutional Court On Outright Monetary Transactions By The European Central Bank Pressing The CJEU Or A Friendly Gesture?" (European Law Blog, 2014) https://europeanlawblog.eu/?p=2219 accessed 17 January 2016 swarb.co.uk, "Blackburn -V- Attorney-General; CA 10 May 1971" (2015) https://swarb.co.uk/blackburn-v-attorney-general-ca-10-may-1971-2/ accessed 17 January 2016 UK Parliament, "European Communities Act 1972" (2016) https://www.parliament.uk/about/living-heritage/evolutionofparliament/legislativescrutiny/parliament-and-europe/collections/parliament-and-europe/european-act-1972/ accessed 17 January 2016 UKSCBlog, "New Judgment: R (HS2 Action Alliance Ltd) V The Secretary Of State For Transport Anor Linked Cases [2014] UKSC 3" (2014) https://ukscblog.com/new-judgment-r-hs2-action-alliance-ltd-v-secretary-state-transport-anor-linked-cases-2014-uksc-3/ accessed Publications.parliament.uk, "House Of Commons - The EU Bill And Parliamentary Sovereignty - European Scrutiny Committee" (2016) https://www.publications.parliament.uk/pa/cm201011/cmselect/cmeuleg/633/63304.htm accessed 17 January 2016. "THE RELATION BETWEEN NATIONAL COURTS AND THE EUROPEAN COURT OF JUSTICE IN THE EUROPEAN UNION JUDICIAL SYSTEM" (2016) https://www.europarl.europa.eu/RegData/etudes/etudes/join/2007/378291/IPOL-JURI_ET(2007)378291_EN.pdf accessed 17 January 2016. UK Parliament, "European Communities Act 1972" (2016) https://www.parliament.uk/about/living-heritage/evolutionofparliament/legislativescrutiny/parliament-and-europe/collections/parliament-and-europe/european-act-1972/ accessed 17 January 2016. UKSCBlog, "New Judgment: R (HS2 Action Alliance Ltd) V The Secretary Of State For Transport Anor Linked Cases [2014] UKSC 3" (2014) https://ukscblog.com/new-judgment-r-hs2-action-alliance-ltd-v-secretary-state-transport-anor-linked-cases-2014-uksc-3/ accessed 17 January 2016. Lawteacher.net, "United Kingdom Joined The European Community | Law Teacher" (2016) https://www.lawteacher.net/free-law-essays/european-law/united-kingdom-joined-the-european-law-essays.php accessed 17 January 2016. Legislation.gov.uk, "European Communities Act 1972" (2016) https://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/1972/68/contents accessed 17 January 2016. Legislation.gov.uk, "European Communities Act 1972" (2016) https://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/1972/68/contents accessed 17 January 2016. Lawteacher.net, "Doctrine Of Supremacy Of European Union | Law Teacher" (2016) https://www.lawteacher.net/free-law-essays/administrative-law/doctrine-of-supremacy-of-european-union-administrative-law-essay.php#ftn8 accessed 17 January 2016. "PRESS SUMMARY" (2016) https://www.supremecourt.uk/decided-cases/docs/UKSC_2013_0172_PressSummary.pdf accessed 17 January 2016. "Judgement-HS2 Case" (2016) https://www.supremecourt.uk/decided-cases/docs/UKSC_2013_0172_Judgment.pdf accessed 17 January 2016. Protection Of Fundamental Rights Through The Court Of Justice Of The European Communities(1st edn, 2016) https://www3.law.ox.ac.uk/themes/iecl/pdfs/working2colneric.pdf accessed 17 January 2016. Law.utexas.edu, "German Case | Foreign Law Translations | Texas Law" (2016) https://law.utexas.edu/transnational/foreign-law-translations/german/case.php?id=588 accessed 17 January 2016. Lawteacher.net, "Doctrine Of Supremacy Of European Union | Law Teacher" (2016) https://www.lawteacher.net/free-law-essays/administrative-law/doctrine-of-supremacy-of-european-union-administrative-law-essay.php#ftn8 accessed 17 January 2016. Stefan Reitemeyer, "The German Federal Constitutional Court On Outright Monetary Transactions By The European Central Bank Pressing The CJEU Or A Friendly Gesture?" (European Law Blog, 2014) https://europeanlawblog.eu/?p=2219 accessed 17 January 2016. eutopialaw, "The German Constitutional Court Versus The EU: Self Assertion In Theory And Submission In Practice Euro Aid And Financial Guarantees. Part 1." (2011) https://eutopialaw.com/2011/10/24/%E2%80%9Cthe-german-constitutional-court-versus-the-eu-self-assertion-in-theory-and-submission-in-practice-%E2%80%93-euro-aid-and-financial-guarantees-part-1/ accessed 17 January 2016. Law.utexas.edu, "German Case | Foreign Law Translations | Texas Law" (2016) https://law.utexas.edu/transnational/foreign-law-translations/german/case.php?id=588 accessed 17 January 2016. Academia.edu, "The Doctrine Of Supremacy Of EU Law And The Judgment Of The German Federal Constitutional Court In Gauweiler V Treaty Of Lisbon." (2016) https://www.academia.edu/7975953/The_Doctrine_of_Supremacy_of_EU_Law_and_the_Judgment_of_the_German_Federal_Constitutional_Court_in_Gauweiler_v_Treaty_of_Lisbon accessed 17 January 2016. Eur-lex.europa.eu, "EUR-Lex - 61977CJ0106 - EN - EUR-Lex" (2016) https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=CELEX%3A61977CJ0106 accessed 17 January 2016. swarb.co.uk, "Blackburn -V- Attorney-General; CA 10 May 1971" (2015) https://swarb.co.uk/blackburn-v-attorney-general-ca-10-may-1971-2/ accessed 17 January 2016.

Relics of the Early Greek and Roman Cultures Essay Example

Relics of the Early Greek and Roman Cultures Essay Relics of the Greek and Early Roman Cultures I visited the Metropolitan Museum of Art on Saturday, November 30, 2002.When I entered the galleries, used a floor map to locate the rooms of the Belfer Court.This map showed me that all of the galleries I needed to complete the project were adjacent to each other, so I did not need to look at the map any longer.It was simple to figure out what time period the artifacts were from, since the information cards indicated it.The sculptures were also easy to find since they were noticeable due to their large sizes.The museum made the project a great learning experience. The rooms of the Belfer Court featured Greek and Roman art from the earliest times to the seventh and sixth centuries B.C.Pottery had always been a great indicator of the values and traditions of the Greek civilizations.I located an example of pottery known as the Terracotta column-krater (41.162.79).It was from the Early Corinthian period in ca. 625 600 B.C.This was a bowl u sed for mixing wine and water.It was about one and a half feet in height and about two feet in diameter.This bowl was most likely used at parties and festivals.It was very popular at that time to paint vases, and this vase had paintings of padded dancers.These were dancers that wore special outfits that draw attention to the belly and the buttocks.The picture on the vase showed them dancing while circling around a wine-krater.It was probably made of clay or some other kind of material used for making pottery at those times.This item indicates that the people of those times enjoyed festivals and parties, and had a good idea of recreational activities. The early Greek civilizations were known for being warrior cultures.The galleries in the rooms of the Belfer Court also featured many armaments and some weapons used in battle.I picked two similarly structured bronze helmets (1989.281.49,. 50).They were made i

Scarlet Letter By Hawthorne Essays (630 words) -

Scarlet Letter By Hawthorne In Nathaniel Hawthorne's The Scarlet Letter, the letter "A" changes its meaning many different times. This change is significant. It shows growth in the characters, and the community in which they live. The letter "A" begins as a symbol of sin. It then becomes a symbol of her ability to do and help things, and finally it becomes a symbol of her respect for herself. The letter "A," worn on Hester's bodice, is a symbol of her adultery against Roger Chillingworth. This letter is meant to be worn in shame, and to make Hester feel unwanted. "Here, she said to herself, had been the scene of her guilt, and here should be the scene of her earthly punishment . . ." Hester is ashamed of her sin, but she chooses not to show it. She committed this sin in the heat of passion, and fully admits it because, though she is ashamed, she also received her greatest treasure, Pearl, out of it. She is a very strong woman to be able to hold up so well, against what she must face. Many would have fled Boston, and sought a place where no one knew of her great sin. Hester chose to stay though, which showed a lot of strength and integrity. Any woman with enough nerve to hold up against a town which despised her very existence, and to stay in a place where her daughter is referred to as a "devil child," either has some sort of psychological problem, or is a very tough woman. The second meaning that the letter "A" took was "able." The townspeople who once condemned her now believed her scarlet "A" to stand for her ability to create beautiful needlework and for her unselfish assistance to the poor and sick. "The letter was the symbol of her calling. Such helpfulness was found in her- so much power to do and power to sympathize- that many people refused to interpret the scarlet 'A' by its original signification." At this point, many the townspeople realized what a godly character Hester possessed. "Do you see that woman with the embroidered badge? It is our Hester- the town's own Hester- who is so kind to the poor, so helpful to the sick, so comforting to the afflicted!" The townspeople soon began to believe that the badge served to ward off evil, and Hester grew to be quite loved amongst the people of the town. Hester overcame the shame of her sin through the purity and goodness of her soul. Unselfishly offering her time and love to those who needed her the most proved that she was not worthy of the fate which had been dealt to her. The final face of the letter "A" was a symbol of Hester's respect for herself, and for her life. It just changed to a way of life for Hester. After returning to England for years, and helping Pearl to gain a better life, Hester returned to don the badge which she now felt was a part of her. She could have lived a better life without it, begin a new life in England, but it was easier for her to return to America. The Puritan settlement was her home. It was where the most important events in her life had occurred, and she felt best being there. "But there was a more real life for Hester Prynne here in New England than in the unknown region where Pearl had found a home. Here had been her sin; here, her sorrow; and here was yet to be her penitence." Hester was in no way legally or religiously bound to wear the badge. She did though. She had found her home in New England, and that is where she intended to stay. The three changes in the scarlet letter were significant, and they showed her sin, her ability, and her life. Hester was a strong, admirable woman who went through more emotional torture than most people go through in a lifetime.

A Comparison of Limbo with Nothings Changed Essay Example

A Comparison of Limbo with Nothings Changed Essay Example A Comparison of Limbo with Nothings Changed Paper A Comparison of Limbo with Nothings Changed Paper Essay Topic: Poetry The poems Limbo and Nothings Changed have a lot in common if you look past the actual words into the meaning of the poems, you will see they both originate from the same theme; racism. Limbo tells the story of the Limbo dance and the joy of performing it. The poem is telling the story of a slave travelling from Africa to the West Indies in a slave ship. On the long journey, the slaves invented a dance called the Limbo dance which kept them fit and healthy so they could survive the journey. The dance involved walking underneath a stick only bending your knees; the stick started off low down then gradually went up every time you went underneath it without touching the stick. Nothings Changed is a poem based on the segregation of white people and black people in Cape Town, South Africa. In 1940, apartheid was gripping over South Africa, the rich white people earned 12 times as much as the black people. There was no actual law abut it but everybody knew it, the black people were forbidden to go where white people went. The poet is expressing his views about how bad the situation is and how much he hates it in this poem. In both poems, they involve white people taking advantage of black people and they both come from the view of black people and tell us how they are treated. However this is not so obvious in the poem Limbo, it can be spotted by the opinion the African Slave has of the White people in charge of the ship, the quote the dumb gods are raising me could mean the guards of the slaves picking him up to throw him off the ship. In Nothings Changed, this is more obvious because the poem tells the reader about District 6 where all the black people live, how they are not allowed in the posh restaurants with white linen table cloths and how they have their own scummy cafe with dirty floors and plastic tables. Another similarity of both poems is the way they both use sound words to portray the environment and setting. In Limbo, the sound words such as silence, knock and drum set the rhythm of the poem and give the impression of the actual Limbo dance. In Nothings Changed, sound words are used to give the impression of the places in which the African walks from and to; it also gives the reader a more visual image of the two restaurants. Examples of these words are click, crunch and crush which are hard sound words and grant the reader the impression of a hard life to live. In the same respect of using hard sound words, both poems portray a bleak picture of the locations where these two Africans spent their time. The setting of the ship in Limbo is a big dark boat in which resides evil, it does not portray a place where you would like to be. The setting in Nothings Changed is different from the ship because it does not sound all that bad; it sounds like a nice place however there is the underlying segregation that makes the reader feel hatred for the place. The poet shows us the area then he shows us the people that live in the area and that is what turns the reader around. Also, the way the scene is set in Nothings Changed does not motivate people to pack their stuff and hop on the next plane, the harsh words and attention to detail like amiable weeds, and it squats, in the grass and weeds do not exactly make it sound like a dream come true. Both poems involve one culture taking control and forcing the other to work for them, in Limbo, the Africans are taken from their homes and forced to work for the white people, while in Nothings Changed the white people own all the money and in doing so are lording over the natives. This theme for a poem suggests that the poets share the same opinion in that they do not like the English controlling the Africans and forcing them to live a life of poverty with little or no money. However the poets do differ on some occasions in their poems, Limbo and Nothings Changed have very different views on what should be done about their predicament. In Limbo, the message is one of acceptance and is telling the reader to accept the consequences and try and make the best of it. This is shown by the dance; it is depicted as being a joyous dance which is fun and exhilarating. Poems about slavery are not usually joyous and happy, but sad and full of hatred; this is because they are usually complaining about slavery. Nothings Changed does not encourage people to accept what is happening but to act upon it, it is a revolutionary poem full of hatred and it conveys that hatred to its audience to put an end to the maltreatment and poverty of black people. The last line in the poem: Nothings Changed brings about a dramatic end to the poem and the last stanza is one full of evil thoughts toward the white people. The layouts of the poems differ as well, Limbo has short stanzas and the layout indicates that of the movement of the dance, this helps the poem along with the beat. Meanwhile in Nothings Changed, the poet has made no obvious attempt to lay it out in a particular form other than stanzas arranged like paragraphs. I believe that the poet does not need to amplify his point with the layout but merely express himself with words. The major difference between the two poems though is the punctuation, in Limbo there is none but in Nothings Changed there is quite a lot. The abundance of punctuation in Nothings Changed shows that the poem was written for the fact of being read like a poem; unlike Limbo with no punctuation but a steady rhythm, it indicates it is like a song. The use of punctuation is clever because it forces the reader to read with a slower place and thus creating the effect of a hateful and despairing tone. The two poems are based on the same theme with some minor differences in the language and settings but both poets feel strongly on anti-racism but go their different ways about it. Limbo and Nothings Changed are the same in view but are completely opposite in the way they go about repairing it; one says acceptance while the other has a mind for war!

Case study hillton's transformation Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Hillton's transformation - Case Study Example This spirit of togetherness and unity of the community was manifested in the city and all the parties involved in the area including the labor unions representing the employees accepted that all the employees be given the opportunity to exercise their freedom at their work places. Based on their experience, the workers are accorded the opportunity for growth and development through rise in ranks and promotion. All the employees at Hillton were working in the environment where all their activities in the industry were guided by industrial legislations and regulations. Under these clauses, all the employees are entitled to equal treatment and fair treatment with equality. The employees at Hillton were expected to adequately learn and acquire the skills that match their job skills and technical competence. Besides, the employees of Hillton must keep good work records as they waits for their turn to rise to the ranks. Since 1970s, Hillton has experience economic growth and development. O ver these years, the economy of this small city has posted a significant increase in the economic status covering all the sectors of the economy. The city was characterized by changes in the demographic statistics and the human population features. It is through such changes in the population and demographic features that the entire city undergone transformation. Major change and transformation took place in the municipality’s labor force departments. This was necessitated by the fact that the rise in the human population seeking services of the municipal council had increased, thus increasing the pressure and the demand from the organization to deliver quality services to the needy and service demanding population. The municipal therefore had no choice but to transform its labor and workforce units to attend to the diverse and increasing demands of the public. To meet the increase in the demand of services, Hillton conducted a massive restructuring of its labor force and thi s called for fair and quick promotion of the employees and increasing the responsibilities assigned to these groups of personnel. The City also had to seek for the services of many outsiders and thereby employing more people to help in the delivery of services to the public and to reduce the pressure on its small workforce. At this point in time, Hillton had never imagined of any form of institutional layoffs but instead the organization practiced what the experts describe as â€Å"conform and entitlement† management policy. The department manager has all the freedom at their working environment with little intervention from the city manager or the elected council members. Besides, the tax policies of the council were very weak and ineffective. The council of Hillton which initially had poor and insufficient resources to meet the growing demands raises by a rise in the demographic statistics had to restructure its institutions and systems. The most affected class was the phys ical and social amenities, including roads, security, recreational facilities, building and lands. This process of conducting social reconstruction and development of city called for the expansion of the work force of the council thereby leading to the inclusion of outsider in the early described as the inside tasks. Rather than promoting its internal staff as had been the culture at Hillton, in 1996, the management filled all the vacant position in the city council with hired technical and professional outsourced from other countries

Stages of Grief Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Stages of Grief - Essay Example He pours his emotion and tears out of his heart; it was felt as one read through pages, though we also got to see him take one step forward. The author who is also a father went through all the five stages of grief. Most people who have lost their loved one, it is always the beginning of a grieving process, which begins with the denial phase, anger, bargaining, depression and acceptance (Axelrod, 2015). Wolterstorff found joy after acceptance the loss of his son, after going all the four other stages of grief he finally accepted the death of his son. His acceptance was as a result of his strong faith in God. As much as he regrets the things that were unsaid and undone, he considered the death of his son to have made him grow and change. He was agonized by the death of his son; he could not understand how he lost his son after twenty-five years of guiding and encouraging him. He thought he had not done enough or maybe he loved him more than the others. However, at this point he was in a state of bargain, a point where he was wrighling with God. Through his faith, he considered the glory of God to be revealed to us through our suffering, and we later find hope in the life, death and resurrection of Jesus (Wolterstorff, 1987). He was greatly encouraged, and that was a progression of his healing through acceptance. The book assumes Christian audience. However, as much as everything that is written with God in mind, in some way we see the narrator is wrestling with God asking questions as to why his son had to be the one Dead. It is through God that Wolterstorff was able to regain his strength. In some instance a bitter friend asks him why he does not reject God. The narrator, however, the sees the glory of God around him and have no reason to stop asking God to continue protecting his family. As a Christian death has a positive meaning, for one to live in Christ and to die in

Unfair Dismissal Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Unfair Dismissal - Essay Example Dismissal DefinedDismissal DefinedDismissal is certainly a fundamental concept in the employment law so to explore the subject first define the term ‘dismissal’.It is defined for the aims of redundancy and unfair dismissal in Employment Rights Act 1996, sections 95 as well as 136 respectively. Although the definitions are identical and conceive of dismissal developing in any of given three situations:†¢ In case the employment contract has been ceased by the employer after notifying or without notifying;†¢ In case a limited –term contract terminates or expires devoid of renewal;†¢ In case if the contract has been terminated by the employee, after notifying or without notification, in conditions providing him the entitlement to terminate without notifying the employer due to employer’s conduct.The last clause of the dismissal definition entails â€Å"constructive dismissal† where an employee is forced to resign due to certain actions of the employer.Unfair dismissal term unfair dismissal in context to the law is used for termination of an employment contract for inadmissible or unfair reasons. In case, such an act is challenged in a court, by the affected employee, then the employer is needed to establish that the termination was based on a significant reason such as deficiency of qualification, gross misconduct, and incapableness to execute assigned responsibilities or redundancy. While deciding such cases, the statutory rights of employees are taken into consideration by the court.The terms ‘unfair dismissal’ and ‘wrongful dismissal’... Unfair dismissal The term unfair dismissal in context to law is used for termination of an employment contract for inadmissible or unfair reasons. In case, such an act is challenged within a court, by the affected employee, then the employer is needed to establish that the termination was based on a significant reason such as deficiency of qualification, gross misconduct, and incapableness to execute assigned responsibilities, or redundancy. While deciding such cases, the statutory rights of employee are taken into consideration by the court4. Unfair and Wrongful Dismissal The terms ‘unfair dismissal’ and ‘wrongful dismissal’ seems similar but within the United Kingdom, the terms are rather unalike as wrongful dismissal is referred to when the employment contract is terminated by the employer in order to dismiss the employee or forcibly causing an employee leave. It is established on the basis of contract law. While unfair dismissal involves without notifica tion termination of employment by the employer. Thus resigning from an employment under constructive dismissal may be regarded as a wrongful dismissal case. Historical Development of Unfair Dismissal Statute in United Kingdom The history of the formulation of law of unfair dismissal dates back to year 1971, since it was made a part of Industrial Relations Act. It is a statutory creation. Therefore the right of avoiding from being unfairly dismissed only subsists if legal conditions are fulfilled. The unfair dismissal statute was re-enacted in the initial Schedule to the Trade Union and Labour Relations Act 1974, modified by the Employment Protection Act 1975. This statute was amalgamated in 1978 with the Contracts of Employment Act 1963 along with the Redundancy Payments Act 1965

Interpretation And Appreciation Of The Floral Motif Arts Essay

Interpretation And Appreciation Of The Floral Motif Arts Essay Since this is a historical based paper focusing on the way in which wallpaper designers communicate through the use of visual language, different interpretations of the subject of botanical forms, historical background information must be provided to make a fuller understanding possible. This chapter is vital to the study of two dimensional surface design as it will explore the history of wallpaper and the reason one desires to decorate ones surroundings. 2.2. Literature review As well as the research carried out exploring the innovations of 20th century wallpaper design and the exploration of different interpretations of the floral motif, some considerable time was also dedicated to investigate the early history of wallpaper. The basic intention of undertaking this research was to examine the way in which wallpaper appeals to society and to provide a more in depth understanding of the sophistication of wallpaper design, which is a vital element of this study. Questions that are deriving the construction of the historical chapter include: Where did the concept of wallpaper originate from? What was the function of wallpaper? When were flowers and botanical forms first used as a form of decoration? The above objectives were explored by the study of literature surrounding the topic of the history of wallpaper, combing knowledge from books, journals, interior design magazines, and the information from internet sources. The final dissertation will answer these questions and draw relevant conclusions concerning the innovations of two dimensional surface design. The literature review in this section is intended to name the sources used and does not attempt to evaluate the categorised research which underlies them. For this historical chapter a number of sources have been thoroughly researched however some of the sources were more informative than others. Wall Papers of France 1800-1850 by Odile Nouvel (1981) gives a comprehensive narration of the history of wallpaper dating back to wallpapers before the nineteenth century and also refers to British wallpaper design. A similar book in terms historical background information which was also studied, Wallpaper in America From The Seventeenth Century to World War 1 by Catherine Lynn(1980) concentrates more on the styles of wallpaper and refers to British and French influences on American Wallpaper design. Chapter three Eighteenth-Century English wallpaper styles devotes 36 pages of typical wallpaper styles, motifs and patterns from this century including an in depth section on floral patterns. Whether printed in distemper or varnish colours, or whether flocked, floral motifs derived from textile prototypes form the largest category of repeating pa tterns in this relatively large group of wallpapers known to have been used. (Catherine Lynn 1980 p52) this chapter will be more relevant to later sections of this paper due to the specific information on the interpretation of the floral motif and also the detailed annotations of the provided images which clearly demonstrate the style as well as the predominant characteristics of wallpaper from the 18th century. The Floral home Introduction by Leslie Geddes-Brown (1992) is a very good informative source referring to the history of the floral motif which was a more difficult subject to track down using internet sources. More up to date sources which were looked at closely include Lesley Jacksons Twentieth Century Pattern Design and Off The Wall by Lena Lencek and Gideon Bosker which both examine pattern as a quintessential part of the 20th Century design history. Both authors provide a brief, informative history of wall coverings since the 15th century and suggest that wallpaper often reflects the cultural climate of the era of which it was produced. Timothy Brittain-Catlins A Papered History states that wallpaper was for, who chooses it, who pays for it, who it applies to and who appreciates it are all questions that have had different answers at different times. (A Papered History p7) The three books mentioned above will be very useful in terms of putting into context how wallpaper designers, historic and contemporary, are influenced by their social surroundings which in result affect the aesthetic qualities of their designs. The most valuable source however has been the wallpaper history website which lists and allows access to online articles which provide a very detailed insight to the history of wallpaper. The most relevant articles relating to this chapter have been by Alan Benjamin (2009) and Babara Krasner Khait (2001) where both texts are designed as an aid in comprehending the many facets of todays products. Benjamin in particular refers to evidence of wall coverings which dates back to thousands of years B.C, with the use of cave drawings and although this does not resemble wallpaper as we know it today it does signify mans earliest desire to decorate ones surroundings. The history of wallpaper chapter in his article provides a very specific and technical overview referring to the development of wallpaper and how it was used functionally as well as aesthetic purposes in the 16th century to keep out the cold and damp. Both articles are very well written, being short yet adequate and objective his torical accounts which are essential for this paper. Where did the concept of wall coverings originate from? According to archaeologists, the tradition of decorating walls dates back to several thousand years B.C in the form of cave drawings and still to this day it is uncertain as why ancient ancestors chose to decorate their surroundings. The two major theories concerning the reasons behind these graphics are explained as wish fulfilment and aesthetics of art. Although this does not resemble wallpaper as known today, it does signify mans earliest desire to decorate his surroundings. (Benjamin 2009) The ancient Egyptian and Roman civilization are also noted in history to have painted their living environment in a highly individual manner expressing two dimensional portrayals of visible and invisible worlds Earth and the domain of the Gods. (Benjamin 2009) Wallpaper actually begun in ancient China, first because the Chinese invented paper, and secondly because they glued rice paper onto their walls as early as 200 B.C What is the function of wallpaper? The use of wallpaper initially began as a cheap substitute for tapestry and panelling. Some historians believe that the use of wallpaper dates back to the 1400s. (Krasner-Khait 2001) The first wallpapers in England were individual sheets, decorated with geometrical woodcut patterns and printed in black ink on pale paper by a hand operated press. These papers could have been used for anything from covering up an unfortunate space, concealing uneven plasterwork or as an innovative alternative to hanging pictures on the wall. (Brittain-Catlin p7) Homes were built of stone during this period so the main function and practicality of these hangings was used to keep out the cold and damp. Wallpaper was soon to become the poor mans tapestry, an imitation of the expensive textiles used in royal households. Elizabethan England saw a higher demand for wallpaper as its popularity increased. The elite of society were accustomed to hanging large tapestries on the walls of their homes, a tradition from the middle ages. (Wikipedia, the free encyclopaedia) These tapestries added colour as well as providing an insulating layer between the stone walls and the room, thus retaining heat in the room. However, tapestries were very expensive and therefore only the very rich could afford them. For the not so rich members of the elite, they turned to wallpaper to brighten up their rooms as they were unable to but tapestries due to price or wars preventing international trade. Throughout Europe, a fascination began with these papers that offered protection against dampness and improved ability to handle fireplace smoke. In the twentieth century, when mass production, innovated materials, and printing techniques cross pollinated with an unprecedented fluidity of traditions and designs, wallpaper leapt from its privileged position as a covering for the elite to become the truly democratized and democratizing purveyor of domestic elegance refinement and in some cases, downright kitsch. (Lencek and Bosker, 2004, p9) When were flowers first used as a form of decoration? It is extraordinary how floral art crops up in every century and civilization. There is evidence of a detailed wall painting from ancient Egypt that depicts geese grazing from grasses and tiny red flowers which dates back from 2550B.C. Indeed if a tribe or nation does not respect and recreate the beauties of nature, it has little claim to be called civilized. (Geddes-Brown 1992 p8) The flower was used as a symbol and sometimes reflected religious beliefs. The Iris and Lily were both symbols of royalty and the Virgin Mary and were popular subjects of renaissance painters. It is a mistake to identify floral art and decoration only with the chintzy, the countrified and the cosy though all these styles have tremendous charm. Flowers can be architectural (the Greeks used palm and acanthus leaves for their capital), political (roses and thistles were secret Jacobite signs) and perhaps even sinister (the blood thirsty cultivated dahlias and zinnias). (Geddes-Brown 1991 p8) SUMMARY!!!! 3 Victorian wallpapers Introduction Being noted as important era in the history of wallpaper design, a considerable amount of time was dedicated thoroughly researching Victorian wallpaper. This is an important chapter in the study of the floral motif as this period not only put British design on the map but also redesigned wallpaper all over the world and is still, to this day, popular within the interior market. As well as the typical characteristics of Victorian wallpaper, much attention will be given to the research of British designer William Morris, who not only was a one- man pattern-making phenomenon, but was also the founding father of the arts and crafts movement. The overall aims and objectives of this chapter will draw conclusions as to why this period of design was so revolutionary and why Morriss designs are still used to influence todays designers. It will put into perspective how wallpaper has developed with the ever changing society and how the subject of the floral motif has morphed from a realistic representation to a more abstract and simplistic form throughout the centuries. Literature review The Victorian era, was a grand time for wallpaper featuring over embellished designs. Floral Prints were very popular in Victorian England. Print upon print lined the interior walls of rooms, mostly in a rich and heavy colour palette. Dark red, bottle green, chocolate brown, maroon and deep glowing blue were predominant in a great profusion of pattern and ornament. The advent of mass production of wallpaper put the cabbage rose and arabesque patterns within the budget range of practicality of every home. Designers such as William Morris and his lyrical interpretations of nature, hand-printed by the wood block method, came to symbolize Art Nouveau. William Morriss first wallpaper designs started to appear in the 1860s. They came as a slightly later edition to the textile designs. Morris himself was not a big fan of wallpaper for interiors. He much preferred the idea of using hung textile work, such as tapestry or heavy fabrics framed as panels, which he saw as more traditional for interiors than the fairly recent wallpaper industry. Another reason was the difficulty in achieving a good and faithful reproduction of initial design work. Morris was a definite perfectionist and was not prepared to take on a medium if the results were to be less than perfect. William Morris maintained that beautiful surroundings improve the quality of life, and that all of the elements which play a part in the overall style of an interior, textiles and wall coverings are among the most important. Whatever you have in your room, think first of your walls, for they are that which makes your house a home William Morris (1834-1896). William Morris Floral wallpaper designs. Naturalistic flowers and fruit were characteristics of early Victorian wallpapers; initially, they were superimposed on classical architectural backgrounds but in the 1840s they were intertwined with elaborate scrolls and cartouches. By the 1850s, however, design innovators such as Owen Jones and AWN Pugin had rejected this naturalism in favour of flat, formalised patterns. John Ruskin whose theories on design had a big effect during the second half of the nineteenth century, rejected the whole repertory of Renaissance-Classical decorative motifs as prefabricated. William Morris, the guiding light of the arts and crafts movement of the 1870s and 1880s generally shared the views of Pugin, Jones and Ruskin. He believed however that flowers used in textiles and wallpaper designs should be seen to be growing naturally. Motifs from nature, though flattened and stylised, were clearly outlined and recognisable in is patterns. They retained their fundamental characteristics, yet their style was so emphasised. Morris and other Arts and Crafts artists were drawn to the natural world for their imagery. Morris himself dismissed the exotic hothouse plants so popular with the Victorians and instead drew his floral motifs from his garden and the English countryside. Marigolds, honeysuckle, jasmine and lilies were among the flowers depicted in his wallpaper designs. Morris believed that the structure of patterns was of crucial importance, as he explained à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦if the lines of them grow strongly and grow gracefully, I think they are decidedly helped by the structure not being elaborately concealed. His designs were rigorously constructed, on either a symmetrical diamond design framework or a branch framework that created a bower effect. Willow boughs or scrolling acanthus leaves were used as a structural background in a number of Morris designs. Many of his designs also included complex, subsidiary patterns of small flower growing from meandering stems. His insistence on the highest standards of design is apparent in this quotations: à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ no amount of delicacy is too great in the drawing of the curves of a pattern, no amount of care in getting the leading lines right from the first. Remember that a pattern is either right or wrong. It cannot be forgiven for blundering. A failure forever recurring torments the eye. William Morris (1834-1896). (images) Wallpaper analysis Morriss first commercial wallpaper designs, as can be seen in the first two images here, Daisy and Pomegranate, were very much a case of stamped motifs on a fairly simple and plain background. Some of the motifs were actually reproduced from Morriss medieval style tapestry work, usually from incidental backgrounds or lower foregrounds where they were used to fill in spaces around the more important human figures. Both Daisy and Pomegranate were produced in the mid-1860s and reflect very much the simplicity of much of Morriss early textile work. In fact, many of the designs initially produced for textiles did end up as wallpaper patterns, with very few changes in the design, if any. By the 1870s Morris wallpaper design work had become much more accomplished, and therefore much more complex. There is very little, if any plain background to be seen, and whereas the earlier examples were largely independently stamped on to a surface, the later examples are clearly intertwined with each other, making it difficult to see any obvious motifs. The three designs shown, Larkspar, Pimpernel and Chrysanthemum were all produced in the 1870s. They clearly show the confidence in the design work and the medium, and are therefore much more fluid and free form than the earlier, more tentative work of the 1860s. It would be tempting to see some of the fluid and meandering flower stems, rich, full flowers and languid leaves, as an indication of the roots of Art Nouveau, and while there is a certain similarity in some of Morris work, it is also firmly rooted within both the British Arts Craft movement and the styles and fashions of the mid-Victorian design world. What makes Morris wallpaper design work stand out from others of the same era is the intensity of the compositions. There is a real observational passion for the natural world that is missing from so much of Victorian floral derived work. To Morris, these designs could not just be interpreted as pretty, or attractive, they were much more. They were indeed part of his lifes work and passion. They were a record of the British traditional rural landscape, one of nature and human in a harmonic symbiosis. The intertwining of much of his floral work could be interpreted as a framework in which we are all a part, which is one of the reasons that Morris disliked geometry as a design tool, as he interpreted it as a man-made system for trying to quantify the natural world, rather than allowing the natural world to quantify itself. The Acanthus wallpaper The Acanthus has been widely used since early times. A plant with boldly indented and scrolled leaves; it was a common element in Greek and Roman architectural ornament as noted in chapter 1 and a widely used Renaissance Motif. It has appeared in textiles over and over again, from Italian velvets to Arts and Crafts prints. William Morris said of it, No form of ornament has gone so far or lasted so long as this; it has been infinitely varied, used by almost all following styles in one shape or another, and performed many other office besides its original one. Large lead verdure tapestries, employing foliage in soft greens, tans and browns on a dark blue background were manufactures in France and Flanders in the Sixteenth century and greatly influenced William Morris designs for wallpaper. Many designs of the 1890s including a number of William Morris prints incorporated the large swirling patterns of Acanthus scrolls or other classical floral motifs from the sixteenth and seventeenth century. (type up literature review) British Wallpaper in the 1970s The Revival of Art Nouveau in the 1970s Over half a century after the initial movement of Art Nouveau, it re-emerged for a second time in the 1970s. This however was not the only art movement that was rediscovered and re-energised in 1970s wallpaper design. The Art Deco movement was of particular interest which influenced two dimensional surface design, but also aesthetic qualities from a number of Victorian art styles were reincorporated including the works of William Morris and the Arts and Crafts movement. What where the reasons for the re-emergence of the Art Nouveau movement? However, the generation that came after the Modernist outlook the 1950s and 1960s, started to trawl through the ephemera that had been left behind by nearly a century of Victorianism. A new generation of textile and wallpaper designer, who had little if any of the prejudice against nineteenth century design that was shown by previous generations, were keen to examine the design work and if possible produce work that was inspired by the original, but with a contemporary twist. There was a wide range of work produced in this neo-Art Nouveau style. Some was close to the original idea of using florals and incorporating the sinuous line that was present in the original style. Interestingly however, although this seemed like a kick against the ideas of modernist design, many of the ideas and philosophies of twentieth century design were incorporated into these new Art Nouveau inspired patterns. Many of the colour schemes for example, were heightened and changed altogether to fit in with interior schemes that were based on an entirely different set of parameters than the turn of the century originals. There was also less of an emphasis on the portrayal of floral design and much more on a vaguer, even abstract quality to the design work, which placed the emphasis firmly on pattern and shape, rather than any form of representational design. Much of the design work reproduced here (refer to images) is interesting as, although it does represent a re-emergence of interest in past styles, it does not descend into pastiche or plagiarism of the original decorative style. This is not the Laura Ashley style of design, which was more or less a slavishly faithful copy of the period; it is more an interpretation of a design style as seen over the gulf of the twentieth century. Designers saw no point in reproducing faithful copies of the Art Nouveau style, as reproductions were already available. However, they also saw no point in producing new work that copied the style exactly as no one could pretend, as Laura Ashley did, that seventy years of the twentieth century had not happened. These Art Nouveau revival wallpapers give a fascinating opportunity to picture two points in the history of design, the gap between them and how that gap affected the process of design and interpretation. Wallpaper design was still popular in the 1970s, though beginning to lose out to painted walls. However, it was still a mainstay in many homes and would continue to be so for the rest of the decade. This popularity meant that the choice and range of design work available was fairly large compared to todays choices. Geometrically derived patterns, as the ones shown here, were still popular throughout the decade, as were all forms of floral, from the traditional realistically looking flower patterns, to popular graphic interpretations. All of the patterns shown here are of wallpaper designs from around the 1970s. They all take the flower as their source of inspiration and its subsequent decorative effect. All are basically flat pattern designs, some more abstract than others, but all still using the flower as a standard motif. Wallpaper Analysis Taking a flower down to its basic components, you are left with four petals and a circular centre. There are of course endless variations on this theme, with the petals multiplying or decreasing, though four tends to be the lower limit. The centres can also range from a fairly complex pattern with a number of different centres, to a very simple but effective circle. Some of the flower motifs in these examples have become little more than geometric shapes with the flower becoming so abstract that it is barely recognisable as such. However, that does mean that the design is not a floral, no matter how far removed it has become from the original inspiration, it could still justifiably be classed as a floral decoration pattern. Often, by including more than one type of flower motif, the pattern can take on a more complex appearance. In this way patterns can then sit within patterns, so while the petals and centre of the flower can produce a decorative effect within its own right, a self contained pattern, these can then be used as multiples, creating another pattern. If a different flower motif is then introduced, that flower has a decorative effect of its own and if juxtaposed with the original flower motif, they contrast with each other, thus creating yet another pattern effect. This can go on so that a number of more complex layers are added, though care should be taken not to overload the design, which can become confusing the more elements that are added. This can be a particular problem with wallpaper design whereby a pattern effect has to be able to be interpreted easily from a distance, but must also be effective when seen close up. Another interesting effect that can be used is when flower motifs overlap each other, creating an opportunity to produce yet another flower motif, and by changing the colour tone slightly, this new flower design will appear as if still connected to the overlapping decorative flower motifs, while retaining some independence from them at the same time. Colour and tone is an important element, particularly within flat pattern where it is sometimes difficult to give the design elements that make up the pattern enough differentiation for it to have any effect, particularly from a distance. By using similar colours or one colour with different tones, it becomes much easier to see separate elements of the pattern while still maintaining a balanced piece that appears to be both harmonious and effective. The art world has introduced countless ideas and methods that have been reinterpreted by both textile and wallpaper designers. Abstraction and colour and paint techniques in all their modernist facets, have been used repeatedly and constantly by designers who were keen to add to the repertoire of the industry. Large bold patterns, still with the flower as its centre of inspiration, have been part of the wallpaper industry for a long time. By interpreting and often reinterpreting for the medium concerned, effective large repeat patterns have been produced that seem to have little to do with a mass production industry, but are still mass produced nonetheless. These patterns often appear to be less constructed and less precise, often giving the illusion of spontaneity and creativity, the hallmarks or at least the common interpretation of much of the twentieth centurys fine art output. This is by no means a comprehensive interpretation of flat design. It only gives a few ideas as to the complex nature of this style of design and the number of variations that are easily achievable. In Conclusion flat design appears to be much more creative and inspiring than traditional floral realism for example, with endless opportunities to both simplify and complicate the same pattern motif. (Images of 1970s wallpaper) Methodology Introduction When embarking on a topic of research, all of the possible methodological factors must be taken into account as sources of information are of great importance. Decisions ave o be made into which method of data collection to use to achieve the greatest information specific to the question at hand. In order to try and find out as much information about the topic and area being disgussed, a variety of acedemic sources were needed, such as books, journals and the internet. These academic sources wer all accesed in a selection of different places. Despite a wide variety of ways to find all of this information, the information did not come without its problems. Finding the information There are many ways of findng the information that is needed. Most of the information in relation to this study was found in the university library in the textiles department. This was done by searching for and looking through relevant literature in the books that were available in the library. Finding books for relevant information was one of the first things that had to be done in order in order to find background inforation on the topic, such as what work had already been done in the area. Books were also then found in order to find informaton in relation to the question being asked through the use of search engines, which produces a list of books/journals with relevance to keys words, authors etc. The internet was also used as a method of secondary resourcing. This was used to find websites such as the Wallpaper History website which provides links of online aricles referring to the history of wallpaper and the innovations of wallpaper design. The internet also allowed journals to be found online, this allowed access to more up to date literature which was not provided by the available books in the library. Journals are also quick and easy to find, simply using the search engine tool online, a large number of journals become available to read. These journals were used in the same way as books, to find background knowledge and to help find information towards the question. The books and journals especially, helped to find vital information on the topics of the innovations of wallpaper design and how designers have put their own stamp on the very popular floral motif which has developed with te ever changing society. This is all acedemic wock which was needed in order to answer the question as thoroughly as possible. Interviews Interviews give a ricj insight to peoples biographies, experience, opinions, values, aspirations, attitudes and feelings. Interviews were taken place in The Temple Newsome Museum which is celebrated for its wonderful collections of fine and decorative arts, especially paintings, furniture, silver, ceramics, textiles and most importantly wallpapers. James Lomax the exhibition curator who specialises in the 17th 18th and 9th century was interviewd. This was to obtain an insight of a professionals view on the matter. Using interviews as methods of colecting data proved to be a reliable source of researc. This is because of the specific questions are asked with a reliable reply relating to the subject matter. Data can be obtained easily and resourcefully using certain questions. Interviews can be delivered in a structured or unstructures form. Consideration was given to the type of interview that was carried out to gain the best results. There are both advantages to consider when chossing the most appropirate one. Structured interviews are seen as having set questions. These questions are asked and recorded on a standardised schedule. The question cannot be modified during or after the interview. In contrast an unstrctured interview is less formal, where the interviewer has a greater flexibility and freedom. It was thougt that an interview towards the less structured theory would be more effective as the researcher did not want to domain the interview. Planning was essential for the process. Limitations Limitations include trying to find books that were relevant and that were also up to date. As a way of traking this because the university library only had a limited amount of books available on the floral motif, inter library loans were used, this is when books can be loaned form other university libraries. This however can be very time consuming because people may already have the books out and even if they havent it can take a few days before the ooks arrive to be collected. Another disadvantage of using the library which proved to be a problem in the stages of research was the opportunity for others to put a reserve on books which were already loaned out. This not only adds pressure to the researcher but limts the time available to read through the books and to thoroughly digest and understand the information provided.

Individual Assignment Essay

1. Introduction Nowadays, as experts are studying further and further about personality, the importance of it in the society and workplaces is highly aware by everyone. The more we know about personalities, the better we can understand why people do the things they do, and how to communicate with them. Knowing about our own personalities, we can improve our styles, reduce stress and conflicts as well as develop positive attitudes in life (punctuality, flexibility, willingness to learn, friendliness†¦) Therefore, through this paper, I will examine deeply in my personalities as a particular example to further understand this matter. Moreover, with the focus on how it affects me in personal and professional development, I can find and improve myself to achieve the best success in my future. 2. Methodology The basic concept of my assignment is the Big Five Personality Model. â€Å"Five basic dimensions underlie all other and encompass most of the variation in human personality† are: * Extraversion: one’s comfort level with relationships. Extraverts get their energy from interacting with others, while introverts get their energy from within themselves. Extraversion includes the traits of energetic, talkative, and assertive while introversion personalities are usually quiet, reserved and shy. * Agreeableness: the extent to which a person is good-natured, helpful, trusting, and cooperative. Traits include being kind, affectionate, cheerful and warm. * Conscientiousness: responsibilities and reliabilities. Conscientious people have self-discipline, well-organized, careful and responsible. * Openness to experiences: creative minds and willingness to learn. People with high level of openness tend to be imaginative, curious, independent and somehow artistic. * Emotional Stability: ability to deal with stress and other tense situations. A person who is very stable emotionally would remain calm in many situations and would feel secure. Bases on this theory, with the help of an online website, I’ve got the result about my personalities according to Big Five Model. With this result, I will be able to evaluate and improve my career as well as my positive personalities. 3. Analysis results: Results: http://img841.imageshack.us/img841/9448/yourbigfiveresults.png In my opinion, this result is matched 80% with my real personalities. In real life, I can be comfortable with people that I already knew before, especially classmates, parents, siblings†¦ I can do silly things, say lots of random things, and joke freely. However, with strangers, I usually keep a secured distance, be formal and respective as much as possible. Sometimes, in disadvantaged circumstances, I might be shy and stay quiet all the time being with strangers as I don’t want strangers to know too much about myself. That’s why my result in Extroversion is a little above average score (59/100 respectively). Consequently, this will help me find balance in group working, be opened and be quiet when needed. My job performance will be improved along with my social skills. Moreover, in competitive situations, especially facing with rivals, I can keep them from knowing about my strength and weakness; or pretend like I am not a dangerous rival for them. Next, refer to Openness to Experience trait, because I really like original, conventional and unchangeable things so the low score (20/100) is reasonable. I don’t have a variety of interests but only a few one and do it thoroughly with my passion. However, sometimes the closeness in my mind prevents me from create new ideas and stay creative while brainstorming. But it’s true that I am a down-to-earth person as I really hate unclear, misleading, dishonest things/people. I know this attitude sometimes has a bad effect on my career and my personal life since I am not willing to learn new things so my training performance will not be as good as I expect. If I am a leader, I might ignore helpful creative ideas from my teammates. My honest and straight personality also bring me hard times dealing with others although it’s a really worthy trait. However, I believe that the original is always the best basement for my every innovation. It helps me balance a group that contains many open-minded people and keep conventional values of life. This conventional and honest personality might be one of the important reasons leads to my disagreeableness (22/100 of agreeableness). Because I am a little stubborn and hard to be persuaded, sometimes I find the dishonest people, the unclear things or the too-reliable-on-others person really uncomfortable and annoy me. Normally, I am quite kind and lovable; but whenever I am concentrating in doing something, I can easily be irritated by people who try to distract me. My perfection attitude also get me into quarrels as I always find the mistakes in others’ performances and try to fix it for them. Nevertheless, as my friends and teammates stated, the perfectionist inside me really helps them a lot when they complete their tasks. I am easy to be angry and annoyed but it’s always reasonable and related to work issues or problems of the equity. So I think this is not a disadvantage but an advantage for my career and personal life. Besides that, my flexibility in Emotional Stability helps me a lot in dealing with these two weaknesses. Despite easily being irritated by others, I can hold it in and balance my emotions really well. I made decision for tense situations really slowly and calmly. I don’t take it as a pressure or stress but only a problem like other problems everyone needs to face in life. One important reason for the low score is I am truly an optimist, seeing things with believe, happiness and hope. It’s not that I paint my life with pink, but my rational thinking always leads me to better things, not worsen the situations. As a result, my stress level will be reduced a lot, prevent me from being overload with tasks, problems, personal matters†¦ Because I know how to show my expressions and emotions at the right time, to the right person, my social relationships are really good, bring me benefits in both personal and professional life. I can tell that I have only one close best friend; but I have a lot of good friends who are ready to help me anytime I need, thanks to my emotional stability. The last trait is conscientiousness with high score at 83/100. This indicates that I am a well-organized, disciplined and reliable person. I really hate disorganized things and people. I always try to arrange my stuff into a fixed positions and I hate when someone try to change it or make it messy. I usually make plans; review its process regularly and try to finish as perfect as possible. If I am assigned a task, I will try to do it thoroughly and not let anyone complain about my performance, or at least reach the bearable stage. This is applied with not only my personal events but also my working tasks and problems, especially tasks I have a lot of interests in like handicrafts, writing for magazines, reviewing things. In my point of view, this is the most important trait among five traits. My great efforts and responsibilities will bring me more and more knowledge, then contribute to higher level of my job performance, as well as help me organize my life effectively. Not only those but people also trust me and respect me for my enthusiasm, concentration and reliability. Therefore, if I am a leader, I can easily affect and lead my teammates follow my decisions or instructions; also my position, status in the group will be firm and long lasted. 4. Conclusion & Lessons learned To summarize, my personalities according to Big Five are quite correct and bearable. The five traits, no matter how high or low, have certain effects on our personal and professional development. It also indicates that everyone has their own personalities and no one is similar to another one. Although this is only a test and might not say everything about oneself, but based on those personalities, we can find the best solutions for our problems, the best way to live and the best career to take. Knowing about personalities, we can try to improve the good side and reduce or fix the bad side of our attitude to improve our living standard, job performance and satisfaction. Moreover, when dealing with relationships in society, we can have a wider view of one person, especially when being a leader joining in group works or assigning suitable tasks.